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Physical Address
304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124
A redoubt was built on Mr Clifford’s property on Thorndon Flat in anticipation of war in 1846. It was simply a square earthwork with a surrounding trench. All round the parapet were wood-framed loopholes for musket fire. A more extensive work was constructed at the Te Aro end of the town as a place of refuge for the citizens.
These were not the first fortifications constructed in Wellington for protection against the Maoris. After the Wairau tragedy in 1843 measures were taken by the New Zealand Company and the townspeople, independently of the Government, to fortify the northern and southern ends of the settlement. One was in Thorndon. “It was on the seaward extremity of the flat above Pipitea,” says pioneer settler Mr John Waters, “that the first Thorndon redoubt was built. It stood very close to the cliff above Pipitea, between the present steps at the foot of Pipitea Street and the English Church of St Paul’s. Just below it on the beach front, now Thorndon Quay, was the police station, a long whare thatched with raupo. We boys were given a holiday one day to help the men by carrying the sods which had been cut close by to the workers, who placed them in position on the parapet. The redoubt ditch was about 5 feet in depth and the same in width. We used to amuse ourselves by helping to deepen it.”
The settlers of the Hutt Valley acutely realised their defenceless state, and early in 1845 they decided to assure some measure of protection by building a stockaded fort. The one-armed veteran John Cudby (in 1919 ninety years of age) informed the writer that he helped to cart the timber for the fort. Most of the timber was cut in the forest. The stockade slabs were chiefly pukatea, a light but tough and strong wood ; totara and kahikatea pine were mostly used for the blockhouses.
That little fort in the forest clearing, guarding the Hutt bridgehead, and embodying the spirit of adventure and peril that entered into the life of frontier settlement, was in essentials a replica of the border posts in the American Indian country.
The Karori settlers followed the example of those at the Hutt in the construction of a small fortified post, in order to guard against an attack from Ohariu. It was built exactly on the crown of the gentle rise of ground in Karori township, on the right-hand side of the deep cutting in Lancaster Street as one walks up from the main road.
On Sunday, April 20, 1845, a report reached Wellington that a strong body of natives “all painted and feathered” had descended on the Lower Hutt valley, and had given notice of their intention to attack the stockaded pa the next day.
Major Richmond ordered 50 men of the 58th Regiment to the Hutt. The quickest means of reaching the scene of trouble was by water. The brig “Bee” was lying at anchor off the town ready for sea. It landed her troops on the beach at Petone. At 3 o’clock in the morning of April 21 the detachment marched into the stockade. The excitement created by the opportune arrival of so large a body of British soldiers, bringing the total force of redcoats in Wellington up to nearly 800 men, was heightened by the novel spectacle of a steam vessel. H.M.S. “Driver” was the first steamship to visit the port ; she was a wonderful craft to many a colonist, and amazing to the Maoris, who congregated to watch the strange pakeha ship, driven by fires in her interior, moving easily and rapidly against wind and tide.
Her crew, under Commander CO Hayes, numbered 175 officers and men. The vessel had recently been engaged in the suppression of piracy in the East Indies. Her figurehead attracted much attention: it represented an old-time English mail coach driver with many-caped greatcoat and whip.
On February 27, some of the troops marched to the principal village occupied by the Maoris on the Hutt banks and destroyed it. The natives had abandoned their homes on the advance of the soldiers, and were camped in the forest.
In retaliation for the destruction of their villages and cultivations on the banks of the Hutt, the Maoris carried out systematic raids of plunder and destruction on the farms of the white settlers. Dividing into small armed parties and moving with rapidity and secrecy upon the Hutt and the Waiwhetu, they visited each home separately, stripped the unfortunate people of all their property but the clothes they were wearing, destroyed furniture, smashed windows, killed pigs, and threatened the settlers with death if they gave the alarm. They took away such goods as they could carry, and destroyed the rest, but did not burn the houses. Little bands of distressed settlers and their families, robbed of nearly all they had in the world, and temporarily without means of livelihood, trudged into Wellington. By order of Governor Grey the plundered people were supplied with rations.
The Governor was undecided whether or not to proceed with hostile measures against the natives. He had been advised by the Crown law authority that he was acting illegally in evicting the Maoris, inasmuch as the grants issued by Governor Fitzroy after the purchase of the valley had excepted all native cultivations and homes. The legal adviser, further, was of the opinion that the natives were justified in resisting such eviction by force of arms.
But Grey was not long influenced by this opinion. He quickly made up his mind to protect the settlers at all hazards, and issued a Proclamation declaring the establishment of martial law in the Wellington District.
The first shots in the campaign were fired on the morning of Tuesday, March 3, 1846.
Taken from the 1922 history by James Cowan, The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Māori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period. Further context is set out in the newly published Becoming Aotearoa: A new history of New Zealand by Michael Belgrave (Massey University Press, $65), available in bookstores nationwide.